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This series began in 1991 with a visionary blueprint for public health action on tobacco prevention and control medicine 5852 discount 500 mg lincocin free shipping. In the years since medicine 75 yellow buy generic lincocin 500 mg on line, it has disseminated important cross cutting research in areas such as the effectiveness of community-based and population-level interventions, the impact of tobacco control policies, the risks associated with smoking cigars and low-tar cigarettes, and systems approaches to tobacco control. The subject matter of this monograph stands at the confluence of three major trends of the past century: the growth of mass media, the concomitant rise in cigarette smoking as a social phenomenon, and more recently, research to understand and to decrease the disease burden caused by tobacco use. Cigarettes are a product of the mass media era; the art and science of mass communications and mass marketing were critical to the growth of tobacco use in the past century. At the same time, however, the media have contributed significantly to the roughly 50% decline in smoking prevalence that took place over the past four decades, by increasing public knowledge of the health hazards of cigarette smoking, helping to change social norms about cigarette smoking, and increasing public acceptance of tobacco control policies. This monograph summarizes what we have learned about the ability of the media to encourage and discourage tobacco use. There has been much interest in and study of media, and several government publications document the impact of advertising on tobacco use. This publication provides the most comprehensive and critical review and synthesis of the current evidence base in this area, drawing on work from many disciplines and research traditions. There is growing interest in applying what we have learned in tobacco prevention and control to other public health areas (such as dietary behavior). This monograph has important messages for public health researchers, practitioners, and policymakers as well as those in the communication science and media studies communities. This monograph provides a comprehensive assessment of the literature on developing effective pro-health media messages and on policies to control tobacco marketing, both in the United States and abroad. This information is critical to support efforts to reduce the use of tobacco and the morbidity and mortality associated with its use. The evidence presented in this volume also underscores the need to continue to study and understand the ability of protobacco forces to change media strategies to adapt to a changing tobacco control policy environment. As a physician who began working in television in 1972, he has a long-standing record of communicating the harmful effects of smoking to the public. His background and commitment provide invaluable perspectives about the power of the media and why this monograph is so important for tobacco prevention and control. This ambitious effort to synthesize the science bridged the disciplines of marketing, psychology, communications, statistics, epidemiology, and public health and represents the combined efforts of five scientific editors, 23 authors, and 62 external peer reviewers. The six main parts of this monograph deal with aspects of media communications relevant to tobacco promotion and tobacco control. This section describes media research theories that guided this assessment of the relationship between media and tobacco use, which can be viewed as a multilevel issue ranging from consumer-level advertising and promotion to stakeholder-level marketing aimed toward retailers, policymakers, and others. Part 2 further explores tobacco marketing-the range of media interventions used by the tobacco industry to promote its products, such as brand advertising and promotion, as well as corporate sponsorship and advertising. This section also evaluates the evidence for the influence of tobacco marketing on smoking behavior and discusses regulatory and constitutional issues related to marketing restrictions. Part 3 explores how both the tobacco control community and the tobacco industry have used news and entertainment media to advocate their positions and how such coverage relates to tobacco use and tobacco policy change. The section also appraises evidence of the influence of tobacco use in movies on youth smoking initiation. Part 4 focuses on tobacco control media interventions and the strategies, themes, and communication designs intended to prevent tobacco use or encourage cessation, including opportunities for new media interventions. This section also synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of mass media campaigns in reducing smoking. Part 5 discusses tobacco industry efforts to diminish media interventions by the tobacco control community and to use the media to oppose state tobacco control ballot initiatives and referenda. Finally, Part 6 examines possible future directions in the use of media to promote or to control tobacco use and summarizes research needs and opportunities. Key lessons from this volume can inform policymakers as well as scientists and practitioners. Most critical from a policy standpoint is the conclusion, supported by strong evidence, that both exposure to tobacco marketing and depictions of tobacco in movies promote smoking initiation. A fundamental theme throughout this monograph is the dynamic interplay between tobacco promotion and tobacco control, whereby action in one area produces change in the other.

The experiment caused death or seriously endangered the physical or mental health or integrity of such person or persons treatment using drugs is called lincocin 500mg low cost. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international armed conflict medicine 50 years ago order lincocin 500mg without a prescription. The perpetrator invited the confidence or belief of one or more persons that they were entitled to , or were obliged to accord, protection under rules of international law applicable in armed conflict. Such declaration or order was given in order to threaten an adversary or to conduct hostilities on the basis that there shall be no survivors. Such property was protected from that destruction or seizure under the international law of armed conflict. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the status of the property. The perpetrator effected the abolition, suspension or termination of admissibility in a court of law of certain rights or actions. The abolition, suspension or termination was directed at the nationals of a hostile party. The perpetrator intended the abolition, suspension or termination to be directed at the nationals of a hostile party. The perpetrator employed a substance or a weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employment. The bullets were such that their use violates the international law of armed conflict because they expand or flatten easily in the human body. The perpetrator humiliated, degraded or otherwise violated the dignity of one or more persons. The severity of the humiliation, degradation or other violation was of such degree as to be generally recognized as an outrage upon personal dignity. The perpetrator invaded50 the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body. The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person 49 For this crime, "persons" can include dead persons. Elements of Crimes 413 or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent. The perpetrator caused such person or persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature. It is understood that a person may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or age-related incapacity. This footnote also applies to the corresponding elements of article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-3, 5 and 6. The conduct was neither justified by the medical or hospital treatment of the person or persons concerned nor carried out with their genuine consent. The conduct was of a gravity comparable to that of a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the gravity of the conduct. The perpetrator moved or otherwise took advantage of the location of one or more civilians or other persons protected under the international law of armed conflict. The perpetrator intended to shield a military objective from attack or shield, favour or impede military operations. The deprivation is not intended to include birth-control measures which have a non-permanent effect in practice 55 It is understood that "genuine consent" does not include consent obtained through deception. The perpetrator attacked one or more persons, buildings, medical units or transports or other objects using, in conformity with international law, a distinctive emblem or other method of identification indicating protection under the Geneva Conventions. The perpetrator intended such persons, buildings, units or transports or other objects so using such identification to be the object of the attack. The perpetrator conscripted or enlisted one or more persons into the national armed forces or used one or more persons to participate actively in hostilities. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical personnel, or religious personnel56 taking no active part in the hostilities. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this status. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical personnel, or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.

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The system is traditionally divided into a corticospinal (limbs) and corticobulbar (head) tract medicine pouch buy cheap lincocin 500mg on line. Axons collect together forming the corona radiata and then become increasingly closely bundled forming part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule medications you cant donate blood cheap 500mg lincocin with mastercard. Axons of the corticobulbar division synapse in the red nucleus and the various motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. The majority of the axons of the corticospinal division cross at the pyramidal decussation, becoming the lateral corticospinal tract. About 10% of the corticospinal neurons continue uncrossed as the anterior corticospinal tract but cross the midline at the level of their termination. Beginning with axons in the red nucleus, axons cross the midline immediately after leaving the red nucleus and descend through the brain stem and 3 Neuroanatomy Primer: Structure and Function of the Human Nervous System 111 form a pathway just ventral to the corticospinal tract. The rubrospinal tract mediates mainly voluntary control of large muscles in the upper extremities. The reticulospinal tract has two subdivisions: the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts. The pontine division descends in the medial cord to facilitate extensor motor neurons and inhibit flexor motor neurons of the limbs. The medial vestibulospinal tract descends only to cervical and high thoracic levels and synapses on neurons innervating the muscles of the head and neck. The lateral vestibulospinal tract descends to all levels of the spine in the ipsilateral ventral medial funiculus. Injuries to the spinal cord result in readily identifiable spinal cord syndromes. While these spinal cord syndromes do not adversely affect neuropsychological function, they are summarized briefly below to highlight the consistent organization of the sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord. Somatosensory and motor function below the neurologic level of the injury is lost. Injury to the cord at or above C3 also typically results in loss of diaphragm function and necessitates the use of mechanical ventilation for breathing. Hyperextension injuries to the spinal cord can result in hemorrhage, edema or ischemia to the central portion of the spinal cord. The result is greater loss of upper limb function compared to lower limb because of the anatomical arrangement of the corticospinal tract with the arm fibers medially and the leg fibers laterally. Unilateral hemisection of the spinal cord will disrupt fine tactile, proprioception and vibratory fibers on the same side of the body as the injury as well as pain and temperature sensing fibers on the contralateral side. This results in weakness and loss of proprioception on the ipsilateral side and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side. Lesion to the anterior aspect of the cord interrupts the descending motor fibers as well as the fibers carrying pain and temperature sensation below the site of injury. Clinically, the presentation is weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the injury site, while proprioceptive sense is maintained. Clinical syndrome due to degeneration of the posterior column of the spinal cord, classically from tertiary syphilis. Clinically, sense of touch and proprioceptive sensation is lost below the site of lesion on both sides of the body (assuming bilateral dorsal column injury). If only one side is injured, loss of proprioception, vibration, and two-point discrimination occurs ipsilaterally to the spinal cord injury. Similar findings can occur with other causes of dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway injury, such as Multiple Sclerosis. The neuroanatomical organization of the frontal lobe includes all the brain tissue anterior (rostral) to the central sulcus, which makes up about 40% of the cerebral cortex. The functional aspects of the frontal lobe can be divided into three broad areas/functional systems: (1) Motor, (2) Premotor, and (3) Prefrontal. The motor cortex is primary motor cortex and neurons composing this area of the cortex forms the neurons of the corticobulbospinal tract for the control of motor movement. In general, the prefrontal cortex is involved in planning, organizing, executing, initiation, inhibiting, and/or selecting behaviors.

During their term symptoms crohns disease purchase 500 mg lincocin with mastercard, ad litem judges will be appointed by the Secretary-General medicine nobel prize buy 500mg lincocin with amex, upon request of the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, to serve in the Trial Chambers for one or more trials, for a cumulative period of up to , but not including, three years. When requesting the appointment of any particular ad litem judge, the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall bear in mind the criteria set out in article 12 of the present Statute regarding the composition of the Chambers and sections of the Trial Chambers, the considerations set out in paragraphs 1 (b) and (c) above and the number of votes the ad litem judge received in the General Assembly. During the period in which they are appointed to serve in the International Tribunal for Rwanda, ad litem judges shall: (a) Benefit from the same terms and conditions of service mutatis mutandis as the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda; (b) Enjoy, subject to paragraph 2 below, the same powers as the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda; (c) Enjoy the privileges and immunities, exemptions and facilities of a judge of the International Tribunal for Rwanda; (d) Enjoy the power to adjudicate in pre-trial proceedings in cases other than those that they have been appointed to try. During the period in which they are appointed to serve in the International Tribunal for Rwanda, ad litem judges shall not: (a) Be eligible for election as, or to vote in the election of, the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda or the Presiding Judge of a Trial Chamber pursuant to article 13 of the present Statute; (b) Have power: (i) (ii) To adopt rules of procedure and evidence pursuant to article 14 of the present Statute. International criminal law To consult with the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda in relation to the assignment of judges pursuant to article 13 of the present Statute or in relation to a pardon or commutation of sentence pursuant to article 27 of the present Statute. The permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall elect a President from amongst their number. The President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall be a member of one of its Trial Chambers. After consultation with the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, the President shall assign two of the permanent judges elected or appointed in accordance with article 12 bis of the present Statute to be members of the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and eight to the Trial Chambers of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. Notwithstanding the provisions of article 11, paragraph 1, and article 11, paragraph 3, the President may assign to the Appeals Chamber up to four additional permanent judges serving in the Trial Chambers, on the completion of the cases to which each judge is assigned. The members of the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia shall also serve as the members of the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. After consultation with the permanent judges of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, the President shall assign such ad litem judges as may from time to time be appointed to serve in the International Tribunal for Rwanda to the Trial Chambers. The permanent judges of each Trial Chamber shall elect a Presiding Judge from amongst their number, who shall oversee the work of that Trial Chamber as a whole. The Prosecutor shall be responsible for the investigation and prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for such violations committed in the territory of neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994. The Prosecutor shall act independently as a separate organ of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. The Office of the Prosecutor shall be composed of a Prosecutor and such other qualified staff as may be required. The Prosecutor shall Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 323 serve for a four-year term and be eligible for reappointment. The terms and conditions of service of the Prosecutor shall be those of an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations. The staff of the Office of the Prosecutor shall be appointed by the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Prosecutor. The Registry shall be responsible for the administration and servicing of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. The Registry shall consist of a Registrar and such other staff as may be required. The Registrar shall be appointed by the Secretary-General after consultation with the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda. The Staff of the Registry shall be appointed by the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Registrar. The Prosecutor shall initiate investigations ex-officio or on the basis of information obtained from any source, particularly from governments, United Nations organs, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The Prosecutor shall assess the information received or obtained and decide whether there is sufficient basis to proceed. If questioned, the suspect shall be entitled to be assisted by Counsel of his or her own choice, including the right to have legal assistance assigned to the suspect without payment by him or her in any such case if he or she does not have sufficient means to pay for it, as well as necessary translation into and from a language he or she speaks and understands. The judge of the Trial Chamber to whom the indictment has been transmitted shall review it. Upon confirmation of an indictment, the judge may, at the request of the Prosecutor, issue such orders and warrants for the arrest, detention, surrender or transfer of persons, and any other orders as may be required for the conduct of the trial. The Trial Chambers shall ensure that a trial is fair and expeditious and that proceedings are conducted in accordance with the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, with full respect for the rights of the accused and due regard for the protection of victims and witnesses. A person against whom an indictment has been confirmed shall, pursuant to an order or an arrest warrant of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, be taken into custody, immediately informed of the charges against him or her and transferred to the International Tribunal for Rwanda. The Trial Chamber shall read the indictment, satisfy itself that the rights of the accused are respected, confirm that the accused understands the indictment, and instruct the accused to enter a plea. The hearings shall be public unless the Trial Chamber decides to close the proceedings in accordance with its Rules of Procedure and Evidence.

References:

• https://mindraynorthamerica.com/cmsAdmin/uploads/h-046-000315-01-8-0_dp-9900-ops-manual-basic-volume.pdf
• http://id3427.securedata.net/paulsjusticepage/IntegratingCrim/IntegratingCrim-Manual.pdf
• https://eje.bioscientifica.com/downloadpdf/journals/eje/176/6/R339.pdf